CFA®

Rates and Returns

Time Value of Money in Finance

Statistical Measures of Asset Returns

Probability Trees and Conditional Expectations

Portfolio Mathematics

Simulation Methods

Estimation and Inference

Hypothesis Testing

Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests of Independence

Simple Linear Regression

Introduction to Big Data Techniques

The Firm & Market Structures

Understanding Business Cycles

Fiscal Policy

Monetary Policy

Introduction to Geopolitics

International Trade

Capital Flows and the FX Market

Exchange Rate Calculations

Organizational Forms, Corporate Issuer Features, and Ownership

Investors and Other Stakeholders

Corporate Governance: Conflicts, Mechanisms, Risks, and Benefits

Working Capital and Liquidity

Capital Investments and Capital Allocation

Capital Structure

Business Models

Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis

Analyzing Income Statements

Analyzing Balance Sheets

Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I

Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II

Analysis of Inventories

Analysis of Long-Term Assets

Topics in Long-Term Liabilities and Equity

Analysis of Income Taxes

Financial Reporting Quality

Financial Analysis Techniques

Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling

Market Organization & Structure

Security Market Indexes

Market Efficiency

Overview of Equity Securities

Company Analysis: Past and Present

Industry and Competitive Analysis

Company Analysis: Forecasting

Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools

Fixed-Income Instrument Features

Fixed-Income Cash Flows and Types

Fixed-Income Issuance and Trading

Fixed-Income Markets for Corporate Issuers

Fixed-Income Markets for Government Issuers

Fixed-Income Bond Valuation: Prices and Yields

Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Fixed-Rate Bonds

Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments

The Term Structure of Interest Rates: Spot, Par, and Forward Curves

Interest Rate Risk and Return

Yield-Based Bond Duration Measures and Properties

Yield-Based Bond Convexity and Portfolio Properties

Curve-Based and Empirical Fixed-Income Risk Measures

Credit Risk

Credit Analysis for Government Issuers

Credit Analysis for Corporate Issuers

Fixed-Income Securitization

Asset-Backed Security (ABS) Instrument and Market Features

Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS) Instrument and Market Features

Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features

Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments

Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses

Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives

Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts and for an Underlying With Varying Maturities

Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts

Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rate and Other Swaps

Pricing and Valuation of Options

Option Replication Using Put-Call Parity

Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model

Alternative Investment Features, Methods, and Structures

Alternative Investment Performance and Returns

Investments in Private Capital: Equity and Debt

Real Estate and Infrastructure

Natural Resources

Hedge Funds

Introduction to Digital Assets

Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession

Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct

Guidance for Standards I-VII

Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)

Ethics Application